The cutin or threshold voltage of diode Vγ(Diode)=0.6V . This voltage is required to just turn on the diode. The voltage across the diode while conducting is VD=0.7V . The cutin or threshold voltage of the transistors Vγ(Transistor)=0.5V . In saturation, transistors have VBE(SAT)=0.8V and VCE(SAT)=0.1V

Amixture of slurry and mud is to be pumped through a horizontal pipe of diameter 500 mm. the fluid behaves as a bingham plastic with a yield stress of 30 pa and viscosity 0.04 pa.s. describe the effects of the shear stress through a transverse section of the pipe by plotting the variation in shear stress and velocity profile: (i) just before the slurry starts to move (ii) as the slurry flows when the pressure gradient is double that in part (i)