Answer to the following: a: Describe essential characteristics of the reversed Carnot cycle. b: Write down the two formulas for the coefficient of performance (COP) of reversible refrigerator and for COP of irreversible heat pump. c: Derive the relation between COPR for refrigerator and COPHP for heat pump. d: Discuss specific differences between irreversible heat pump and reversible heat pump.

Along 8-cm diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 900c connects two buildings. the pipe is exposed to ambient air at 70c with a wind speed of 50 km/hr blowing across the pipe. determine the heat loss from the pipe per unit length. (b) air at 500c enters a section of a rectangular duct (15 cm x 20 cm) at an average velocity of 7 m/s. if the walls of the duct are maintained at 100c. a) the length of the tube for an exit temperature of the air to be 40 0c. b)the rate of heat transfer from the air. c) the fan power needed to overcome the pressure drop in this section of the duct.