The W12 x 50 is made of A992 steel and is used as a column that has a length of 20 ft. If its ends are assumed pin supported, and it is subjected to an axial load of 150 kip, determine the factor of safety with respect to buckling.

Estimate the change in specific internal energy au and specific enthalpy h from inlet to outlet for ethylene glycol (a liquid) flowing through each of the following devices: (a) a heat exchanger where the glycol temperature increases from 20 °c to 80 °c; (b) a pump operating at about 25 °c and increasing the glycol pressure from 100 kpa to 8 mpa.