Explain how machiavelli’s use of tone and various literary techniques make him one of the history’s most controversial political writers, subject to an array of interpretations.

before Machiavelli, politics was strictly bonded with ethics, in theory if not in practice. According to an ancient tradition that goes back to Aristotle, politics is a sub-branch of ethics—ethics being defined as the moral behavior of individuals, and politics being defined as the morality of individuals in social groups or organized communities. Machiavelli was the first theorist to decisively divorce politics from ethics, and hence to give a certain autonomy to the study of politics. 

In this sentence, hard is the adverb because it is modifying the verb.