Th e repetition four times of the word “nor” (12–15) is a device called
(a) redundancy
(b) aff ect
(c) litote
(d) asyndeton
(e) anaphora

passage 3. william shakespeare, hamlet
queen. good hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off ,
and let thine eye look like a friend on denmark.
do not for ever with thy vailed lids
seek for thy noble father in the dust:
th ou know’st ’tis common, —all that lives must die,
passing through nature to eternity.
hamlet. ay, madam, it is common.
queen. if it be,
why seems it so particular with thee?
hamlet. seems, madam! nay, it is; i know not seems.
’tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
nor customary suits of solemn black,
nor windy suspiration of forc’d breath,
no, nor the fruitful river in the eye,
nor the dejected ’havior of the visage,
together with all forms, moods, shows of grief,
th at can denote me truly: these, indeed, seem;
for they are actions that a man might play;
but i have that within which passeth show;
th ese but the trappings and the suits of woe.
king. ’tis sweet and commendable in your nature, hamlet,
to give these mourning duties to your father;
but, you must know, your father lost a father;
th at father lost, lost his; and the survivor bound,
in fi lial obligation, for some term
to do obsequious sorrow: but to persevere
in obstinate condolement is a course
of impious stubbornness; ’tis unmanly grief;
it shows a will most incorrect to heaven;
a heart unfortifi ed, a mind impatient;
an understanding simple and unschool’d;
for what we know must be, and is as common
as any the most vulgar thing to sense,
why should we, in our peevish opposition,
take it to heart? fie! ’tis a fault to heaven,
a fault against the dead, a fault to nature,
to reason most absurd; whose common theme
is death of fathers, and who still hath cried,
from the fi rst corse till he that died to-day,
‘th is must be so.’ we pray you, throw to earth
th is unprevailing woe; and think of us
as of a father: for let the world take note
you are the most immediate to our throne;
and with no less nobility of love
th an that which dearest father bears his son
do i impart toward you. for your intent
in going back to school in wittenberg,
it is most retrograde to our desire:
and we beseech you bend you to remain
here in the cheer and comfort of our eye,
our chiefest courtier, cousin, and our son.