It was not the notion that madness was curable that changed at the end of the eighteenth century, for a kind of therapeutic self-confidence ran throughout traditional medicine with its bleeding, purging, and giving of emetics- all designed to cure. rather, it was the notion that institutions themselves could be made curative, that confinement in them, rather than merely removing a nuisance from the vexed family or the aggrieved village elders, could make the patient better. this insight broke in an almost revolutionary way upon the scene. yet the eighteenth-century enlightenment did flatter itself that through the use of reason it could much improve on the therapeutics of previous generations. which phrase is the equivalent of "the therapeutics of previous generations"? a. "the notion that madness was curable" b. "bleeding, purging, and giving of emetics" c. "institutions themselves could be made curable" d. "a nuisance from the vexed family" e. "the use of reason"