Holmes and smith focus on extralegal police aggression when dealing with force. what is extralegal police aggression? discuss the reasons why holmes and smith say that extralegal police aggression may be preferable to force.

In their research article, Intergroup Dynamics of extra-legal police aggression: an integrated theory of race and place by Malcolm D. Holmes and Brad W. Smith, the authors debate the issue of use of excesive force by police authorities to control and maintain order in communities where there is presence of racial minorities that are perceived sometimes as a threat to the larger community. They define extra-legal police aggression as the use of extra means, sometimes unnecessary and illegal, to enforce control and good behavior within communities. These extra means can be the use of actual physical force, coercion, threats, verbal abuse, and others. Also, it seems that this attitude on the part of police forces comes in direct response to the presence of racial and ethnic minorities in communities, that for some reason are perceived as factors for greater criminal activities and unsafety. The authors mention in their article that sometimes, due to the characteristics of a community, especially those with the presence of minorities, where in fact there is a higher criminal rate, police officers seem to feel almost forced to use extra means of control, because their regular tactics do not produce the desired effects and they are the ones who suffer the consequences, both public and personally. It seems that the use of certain extralegal tactics, such as verbal threats and certain attitudes from police officers, instead of the use of outright force, are preferable because while they give results, they are not producing direct violations to human and civil rights and also because the use of physical force only produces the use of more violent acts, instead of helping control violence and crime.

hi there!

one thousand and one nights, also called the arabian nights is a collection of middle eastern tales compiled in arabic during the islamic golden age, dated from the 8th to the 14th century. this collection was compiled of largely middle eastern and indian stories with an uncertain date and autorship whose tales such as aladdin, ali baba and sinbad the sailor -these ones were the most popular ones, the ones that have almost become part of western folklore.

as in much medieval european literature, the stories contained in this collection are set within a frame story. its scene is central asia, as known as "the islands or peninsulae of india and china", where king shahryar kills his wife after discovering her infidelities and as well as any other who betrayed him.   then, loathing all womankind, he marries and kills his new wife each day until no more candidates could have been found. his vizier had two daughters, scheherezade and dunyazad. the elder one -scheherezade- having devised a scheme to save herself and the others insisted that her father needed to give her in marriage to the king. each evening, she used to tell a story leaving it incomplete and promising to finish it the following night. the stories kept the king very interested, so eager to hear evey ending of each story, that he puts off her execution from day to day and finally he decided to give up with his plan. these stories are contained within the collection of 1001 nights, the bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is usually used for songs and riddles to express better the heightened emotion of them.