Part a: which statement best expresses the central idea of the text?
a. scientists continue to study the plague’s spread through europe in the 14th century because they can’t understand how it spread so aggressively.
b. upper-class people lost their influence over lower classes of people as it became clear that even they would not be spared from the plague.
c. the plague modernized health and medicine in europe as people realized that doctors were unintentionally spreading the plague rather than treating it.
d. while the plague was devastating to europe’s population, it also reshaped their social order to allow for greater equality.

D. While the plague was devastating to Europe’s population, it also reshaped their social order to allow for greater equality.

The headings of this article can help us to determine the central idea. The first part of the article starts with a narrative about a ship carrying disease. Then the headings give the main idea of each section. We know that the article begins with "The Arrival and Spread of the Black Plague" then moves to "Symptoms and Devestation", before describing the "Societal Effects", and then ends with "The Black Death's Legacy". These headings show us that the text is not just about what happened during the plague but also what it's long term effects were. Option D best covers what was happening during the plague and also what it's long term effects were.

the rhetorical devices that he used in "common sense" are syntax for his sentence structure and pathos for his emotion against the british unfairly treating the "americans" and logos of what documents that what happened to the pilgrims when they had the mayflower compact and how that the british were wanting to have one religion but the compact said for any religion to be accepted.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)