Read the dependent clause which revision changes the dependent clause into an independent clause

Which group or words is not a phrase? a.) leaving behind the dog b.) because she smiled at me c.) smashing into a fence d.) before the first test e.) pushing the sofa

Samuel johnson believed that literature should appeal mainly to the scholar, to him the common man, to teach him the common man, to teach and him the king and the parliament

Brendan is playing in the backyard.