Read the passage. look at the underlined section marked number (19). there may be a mistake in the way the sentence is written. if you find a mistake, choose the answer that corrects the mistake. if there is no mistake, choose ‘correct as is.’

19) the teutons believed that unless there were any gods or any world there was a great empty space where the world now is. it was called by the curious name ginnungagap, which means a yawning abyss.

a) correct as is.
b) the teutons believed that unless there were any gods or any world there was a great empty space where the world now is
c) the teutons believed that after there were any gods or any world there was a great empty space where the world now is.
d) the teutons believed that before there were any gods or any world there was a great empty space where the world now is.

There is a mistake in the sentence, and the proper way to correct it would be:

D) The Teutons believed that before there were any gods or any world there was a great empty space where the world now is.

Explanation:

The sentence is about a belief the Teutons used to have: they believed there was a great empty space where the world is now. It does not make sense to use the conjunction "unless", which conveys the idea of a requirement or condition for something to happen, if it has already happened. Therefore, it makes sense to replace "unless" with "before", since the sentence is about this empty space which the Teutons believed existed before there was a world as we know it. In fact, that space even had a name: Ginnungagap.

i believe it is the first choice (1.)

because the major theme is(“both the wild and civilization have rules.”)

and also as u said,( based on what buck learns within the call of the wild, "both the wild and civilization have rules".this is true of humans within society as well.

i think it is c. good luck!