Both independent and dependent clauses express complete thoughts. have a subject and verb. do not express complete thoughts. do not have a subject but do have a verb.

invention of the washing machine

in the past, people used sticks and stones or scrub boards to clean their clothing. as it was sweaty, backbreaking work, we owe a world of to james king because he created the model for the modern washing machine in 1851. the most important issue was that this machine cleaned clothes while a person cranked the handle. doing this made people who used it develop strong muscles in their arms. later, in 1908, alva j. fisher created an electric washing machine named thor. this one was not the first automatic washing machine. however, it was one of the most popular models at the time.

the answer would either be a or d

i hope this

may i ask what topic?

i believe that the answer is true.