Ethical writing and scholarship is based on an implicit contract between the author and readers, whereby readers assume that what they read is accurate, has been written by the author, and has:
a) not been disseminated before unless noted otherwise.
b) undergone double-blind peer review.
c) been based on the collective efforts of other researchers.
d) followed traditional methods.

a) Not been disseminated before unless noted otherwise.

Explanation:

The communication process between different languages, mostly if there are grammatical differences or different alphabetical systems, can cause problems. Ethical scholarship involves a writer-reader agreement in which readers take as given that the information is precise, complete and the author has not previously disseminated it, whether completely or not, thus depicting the author's self-elaborated work (he/she has not committed plagiarism).

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