Maryland's Tunnel Vision By Tracy Grant You probably know this old riddle: Why did the chicken cross the road? But have you heard this one: How did the raccoon (and deer and blue heron) cross the road? Through the tunnel, of course! It turns out that an amazing number of animals use tunnels as a way to get from one side of a busy road to another. Professor Ed Gates, at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, just completed a two-year study of how animals in the state use special tunnels called culverts, which are created to let water drain under highways. Gates and his team of researchers put motion- and heat-activated cameras in 265 culverts in every county in Maryland. The result: more than 33,000 images of identifiable animals using the tunnels to get to the other side of the road. In fact, they logged 57 species of animals. They didn't snap pictures of black bears, coyotes and bobcats. But "that doesn't mean they don't use them; we just didn't get a picture," Gates said. Culverts are made of different materials and come in different shapes and sizes. Sometimes that matters to the animals, researchers discovered. For example, Gates said, "raccoons will use any type of culvert," but blue herons look for culverts "big enough so they can spread their wings out." And deer avoid tunnels that have rocky bottoms because "their feet can get caught between the rocks," Gates said. Crossing busy roads by using tunnels seems to be a family affair, the researchers learned. "A lot of animals take their young through the culverts," Gates said, noting that they got pictures of does leading fawns and ducks leading ducklings through the tunnels. Gates compares it to your mom telling you to look both ways before crossing the street: "When you see a young animal with an adult, [you assume that] the young animal has to be learning that this is a good way to get across." Because the tunnels are a necessary part of road construction, Gates said, he hopes the information learned from the study can be used to create new culverts that make it easier for animals to avoid the roads. That's important for humans, too, Gates points out. "People can be injured when they try to avoid hitting a deer," he said before adding, "it's obviously beneficial to the animals as well." How does the introduction contribute to the development of ideas in this informational article?

Explanation:C)A familiar riddle is used in the lead to form a connection.

fidelis umeh was born in nigeria and lived there through his high school years. fidelis umeh grew up with strong family values of the traditions of the ibos, a culture within nigeria. "one thing that we nigerians, particularly the ibos, have taught us from youth is the value of education. it is paramount. and the drive to succeed--my culture says that each person must work very hard and that is essential to success, which is very important. and we have support from family that keeps us going when things are difficult. sometimes perseverance can make the difference between success and failure."

he moved to the united states when he went to college. after he finished college, he stayed connected to his family in nigeria. he returned to nigeria at least once a year. but he made his home and career in this country. he became a business leader.

fidelis umeh has succeeded in the business community, which some people see as a separate culture all of its own. he planned projects. he designed systems. he brought new ideas to businesses. he has been president of a company that employs hundreds of highly skilled individuals. at the same time, he kept his commitment to his original culture.

in 1991, he founded a group to support nigerians in chicago. "i formed a group of nigerians to be an anchor for them that will fit into the american society but at the same time will give them something to fall back on in times of adversity. i feel it is a strength, it allows us to be individuals.”

“it has one goal, which is to bridge the gap between our people and the people in america. the target is to build an anchor where the nigerians can feel their identity and at the same time become more connected to the chicago scene. the problem that we have with our children is that either our children don't have an understanding of the nigerian culture or an understanding of the american culture. the focus is on children through adolescence. the adults get to benefit from the network."

“we started with story-telling. we are telling the children the stories that our families have told for generations. each story has a moral, an idea that it teaches the children. the children learn the moral. they also learn more about their own heritage. they will appreciate their heritage. they will realize that they have to work hard, too, to achieve progress.”

with more than 15,000 nigerians in chicago today, the potential is very great. fidelis umeh said that “the vision of enumbra is that the nigerian community will bring the traits that are valued in their heritage as they join the american society. they will in fact be able to enrich the american culture.”

introduce and provide context for each quotation

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