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Hey there! I'm happy to help!

We have had writing tools like pens (the feather ones you would use with ink) for a very long time, but the pencil we think of today was actually invented in 1795 by a French soldier and scientist named Nicholas-Jacques Conte. He used graphite to make it.

Here's a fun fact: the suffix -graph means write. Autograph? Seismograph? Paragraph? Just plain old graph? They all have to do with writing. The word graphite has graph in it, so you can always remember that pencils have graphite in them because it has graph in it which means to write.

Have a wonderful day! :D

i may be wrong but i think your answer is flashback

i believe it is the first choice (1.)

because the major theme is(“both the wild and civilization have rules.”)

and also as u said,( based on what buck learns within the call of the wild, "both the wild and civilization have rules".this is true of humans within society as well.