What tools do authors use to create meaning and affect their readers?

What does the author use to example of his son's tribal education in his letter to the teacher

The greatest gift the sumerians gave the world was the invention of writing. the sumerians were wealthy people. they needed some way to keep track of what they owned. they began drawing pictures. they used a reed as a pen. they drew on soft pieces of clay. the soft clay was then dried in the sun. the tablet became a permanent record. later, the sumerian drawings changed into wedge-shaped symbols. this kind of writing is called cuneiform. by putting symbols together, the sumerians could write entire sentences.

What does hofmann use of the pronoun it imply about the sister feeling about gregor