Which of the following is not an example of indirect characterization?
a. although her friends were out having fun tonight, jamie had decided to stay home and prepare for tomorrow's math exam.
b. jamie slipped out of the window of her bedroom and ran off to hang with her friends.
c. jamie was a goody-goody who studied all the time.
d. jamie received her test back from her teacher and told herself: "i knew studying one more night would be worth it. look, an a-excellent! "