How can a longer seed be an advantage to the Red Mangrove?

Mangroves have one of the most unique reproductive strategies in the plant world. Mangroves are viviparous (bringing forth live young), just like most mammals. Rather than producing dormant resting seeds like most flowering plants, mangroves disperse propagules via water with varying degrees of vivipary or embryonic development while the propagule is attached to the parent tree.The red mangrove flowers mostly during the summer months. The long cigar shaped propagules are often found hanging on the tree all year long. The black mangrove flowers all summer long with the lima bean shaped propagules produced during late summer and early fall. The white mangrove flowers mid to late summer with small green pea shaped propagules produced a month later. Once the propagule drops from the parent tree there is an obligate dispersal period which each species’ propagule must remain in the water. During this period embryonic development continues. For the red mangrove this dispersal period is the longest at 40 days. The black mangrove propagule must drift for at least 14 days. The white mangrove dispersal period is the shortest at 5 days, which also includes germination. If the propagule strands in a “favorable” area, there is an obligate stranding period before the primary roots and cotyledons (primary leaves) emerge. The red mangrove has the longest obligatory stranding period of 15 days. However, the propagule may be lying horizontally on the sediment or vertically “standing up” and may be covered by water during this time.

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"hidesato showed not the least sign of fear. he tried to calm the dragon king: don't be afraid. i shall surely kill the centipede."

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halloween: it’s my favorite holiday

halloween is one of the best holidays for some people but it can also be scary for others. halloween is a holiday where some people believe spirits and soul of the dead that haven’t moved on will come back again to haunt the lives of the living. this is why many people dress up in costumes to disguise themselves as someone else. some people like us wish to be something that we would benefit in life from. like angels of god. some dress up just to be unique from the others. many families stay home and watch scary movies and others dress in their tremendous costumes and knock on each door to either get a trick or a treat.

personally everybody loves halloween because i could be someone else one day out of the year. it’s fun and entertaining, especially for kids. halloween also has a lot of history. many myths and beliefs say that witches and warlocks are alive and living among us. is this a trick or a truthful treat?

halloween may have secrets and scary things behind the door but we love halloween and it is beautiful to see how happy children are when each door opens full of treats and goodies. it makes everyone happy. happy halloween day.

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