Read this excerpt from "Four Types of Volcanoes" Volcanoes are structures formed around openings (vents) in the ground where molten lava, ash, or gas escape from inside the Earth. We have all heard of lava, but not everyone knows how it forms. Deep inside the Earth, rock that melted long ago beneath the Earth's crust forms magma, a very hot liquid that mixes with dissolved gases and crystals. When this magma flows up above Earth’s surface, it is called lava. Volcanoes can erupt continuously or only once in a while. They can erupt violently or slowly. As lava spews out of an opening, it lands, cools, and builds up hills or mountains around the vent. Therefore, volcanoes are usually found on top of hills or mountains.

What is the connection between magma and the hills or mountains around a volcano vent?

A. Magma that is underground pushes up against land from beneath it, so hills or mountains form over the magma.
B. Lava is part of magma, and it destroys the mountains and hills that are around a volcano vent.
C. Magma comes out of a volcano vent, becomes lava, and then cools and becomes part of the land around the vent.
D. Lava rises up above ground, cools into magma, and then fills the volcano vent so that a hill or mountain forms.

it is natural to stand at the beginning of a research project and feel overwhelmed by the amount of published research that exists in databases, literature reviews, and reference pages. at the same time, each new research project brings the hope of discovering something new. overwhelming though a project may be, starting at the foothills of a new thread of research is a great privilege, and is best approached as an opportunity to learn rather than a drudgery. as a researcher/writer, you have the chance to dive more deeply into less frequently encountered pools of knowledge.

depending on the topic or scope of your research, it is also natural to spend many days and weeks - and in some cases months and years - searching. no matter how great or small the scope of research is, the serious researcher needs to reserve adequate time to perform a thorough survey of published articles. for an undergraduate course project, finding five or six sources might seem like plenty of material to review, but graduate-level writing projects typically involve up to 20 sources minimum.

note that the main point here is not to say that it is only the number of research articles matters most, but rather that having a broad spectrum of papers to choose from you choose your topic for at least the following two reasons: 1) a larger pool of sources provides you with a broader perspective of the topics within your scope of research and 2) along the way you will find many topics within your field that you do not want to write about! so, one particularly effective way of viewing research is not finding the absolute minimum sources to "get by", but rather to find a variety of sources that you can an artist uses negative space to "carve" shapes out of a dark guide you toward topics that are more directly relevant to your topic.

the good news is that as you research you may find that some of your sources that were published in the same decade or so will cite and reference each other.

one of the joys and privileges of research is being able to follow your curiosity; if you are truly curious about your topic, and authentically driven to find out as much as you can, then even the articles you don't find interesting will be useful for a future project, and no energy will be wasted.

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