Imagine a world of pale, wormlike humans who depend entirely on machines for their survival. They have lived underground for so long that, without digitally-enhanced contact lenses, they are basically blind. They have grown so unused to exercise that they can barely lift themselves to a sitting position. In fact, they often wonder, why move at all? For them and everyone they know, work and entertainment both happen through computers linked directly to their brains. The world around them is in grey, ugly ruins, but they don’t care; the world in their minds is full of beauty and excitement. As for human contact, they interact frequently with each other’s avatars online. What is the best description of the emotional appeals in this excerpt?
1.They strive to contrast today's world with that of the very troubled past.
2.They try to depress the audience by showing a dark, gloomy world.
3.They strive to make the audience feel happy and cheerful about the future.
4.They try to overwhelm the audience with a shocking, sad view of the future.

Read the excerpt from act 1 of a doll's house. helmer: nora! [goes up to her and takes her playfully by the ear.] the same little featherhead! suppose, now, that i borrowed fifty pounds today, and you spent it all in the christmas week, and then on new year's eve a slate fell on my head and killed me, and— nora: [putting her hands over his mouth]. oh! don't say such horrid things. helmer: still, suppose that happened, —what then? nora: if that were to happen, i don't suppose i should care whether i owed money or not. helmer: yes, but what about the people who had lent it? nora: they? who would bother about them? i should not know who they were. helmer: that is like a woman! but seriously, nora, you know what i think about that. no debt, no borrowing. there can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt. we two have kept bravely on the straight road so far, and we will go on the same way for the short time longer that there need be any struggle. nora: [moving towards the stove]. as you , torvald. how does the interaction between helmer and nora advance the plot? nora realizes that helmer will completely disapprove of her having borrowed money, so she has to continue to keep it a secret from him. nora realizes that she and helmer have the same ideas about financial issues, and the conversation brings them closer together later in the play. helmer realizes that nora is more responsible with money than he originally thought, and he trusts her more with finances later in the play. nora realizes that helmer knows a lot more about borrowing and lending, and she will seek his input later when she needs it.