In the first paragraph, Orwell uses all the following EXCEPT

b). Shift in pov

Explanation:

In the context of 'Shooting An Elephant,' Orwell employs all the given devices(ironic contrast, colloquial diction , and a variety of sentence structure) to critique colonization and how it affects both the colonizer as well as the colonized except for 'shift in pov.' The point of view i.e. 'first-person' remains the same throughout the paragraph without any shifts. It helps him in relating the first-hand experience of being objectified by this process of exploitation. Thus, option b is the correct answer.

it would be d cause refers into the pargrapgh

you can infer that to folke dude was spying for allied nations