2. Who is Mercutio referring to when he
says, "a braggart, a
rogue, a villain, that
fights by the book of
arithmetic!" (3.1.63)?

hes referring to tybalt

Explanation:

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).