To avoid confusion from a misplaced modifier, a participial phrase should be placed

at the beginning of the sentence.
at the end of the sentence.
next to the noun it describes.
next to the verb it describes.

The correct answer is: Next to the noun it describes.

Participial phrases consist of a participle verb ending in "ing" (present), or in "ed" (past), plus other complements, they can be placed at the beginning, in the middle or the end of a sentence, but making sure they are the closest possible to the noun or pronoun they are modifying. The use of commas, when needed, is extremely important to avoid missunderstandings.

The following examples demonstrate that participial phrases (in bold) may take different positions in a sentence:

Children, behaving properly, will get a reward.

Excited about her gift, the lady begun to cry.

John kept staring at the boy, surprised by his blond hair.

In the last example the use of a comma is necessary to point out  that the participial phrase is modifying John, and not the boy.

your answer is b. tense. hope this .

"character is what you are in the dark." dwight lyman moody, in this very witty quotation of his, states we act and think differently when we are "in the dark", that is, when the spotlight is not on us and everyone can see us and consequently judge us. when reading, we tend to be sympathetic to some characters and their dilemmas. by being so, we are saying to ourselves that we agree with those characters' acts and choices, even if they are morally questionable if we have common sense in mind. dwight lyman moody's quotation applies very well to "crime and punishment", by   19th century russian writer fiodor dostoyevsky. raskolnikov, the main character, a former law student who spends his days reflecting upon life and its misery, draws a fatal conclusion: mankind is divided in two main categories: ordinary and extraordinary people. the first are the ones who lead a run-of-the-mill existence and are full of imperfections; the latter are the ones who are spiritually superior, the ones who always know better, and have the right to judge the ordinary ones, as well as eliminate them if for common good. raskolnikov considers himself as belonging to the extraordinary category and decides to kill an old lady who is a money lender and in whose house he rents a small room. raskolnikov compares himself to napoleon, who had the undeniable right to execute tons of people during the war in order to save his nation. of course what the main character decides to do is a horrendous crime, but as readers we feel it is the right thing for him to do, since the victim is a mean old woman who only thinks about money and keeps humiliating her younger sister. what one experiences is a mixture of sympathy and empathy for the character, even though he decides to commit homicide, which is not at all accepted or tolerated by civilized citizens. however, since readers are "in the dark", they allow themselves to feel in ways they would probably never dare to confess to anyone, no matter how nasty or vicious a character can be. after all, they are just reading and doing no harm. in other words, readers are in the dark and can be who they are without being judged.