These are in the text surrounding a word and give hints for the meaning of the word. they are called

Context clues

Explanation:

When you are reading and find an unusual or unknown word within a text, we can use the surrounding information to help comprehend the meaning of that word; when we do this, you are using the context clues.

There are many types of context clues, for example, to find out the meaning of a word in a text, you can look for synonyms within the sentence or the text that refers to that unknown word, you can also look for antonyms as they may also reveal the meaning of the word by contrast, or you can look for examples related to that word.

what's the topic we have to write about?