Gerund
definition:
example:

present participle
definition:
example:

past participle
definition:
example: .

nominal infinitive
definition:
example:

adjectival infinitive
definition:
example:

comma
definition:
example:

ellipsis
definition:
example:

em dash
definition:
example:

Gerund: a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a nounEx: askingPresent Participle : the form of a verb, ending in -ing in English, which is used in forming continuous tensesEx: sitting here
Past Participle:the form of a verb, typically ending in -ed in English, that is used in forming perfect and passive tenses and sometimes as an adjectiveEx: sitting here
Nominal Infinitive: An infinitive phrase is an infinitive verb preceded by the infinitive marker to and includes the subject or the complements of the verb from which it is derived. An infinitive phrase can function as nominal, adjectival, or adverbial: To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required.Ex: To climb Mt. Everest was my greatest ambition \
Adjective Infinitive: An infinitive is a verb form used as a noun, adjective or adverb.  The infinitive is formed by using the word "to" (not a preposition) and the base of the verb.  Examples: to run, to write, etc. Remember that an adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun and answers the questions: which one? what kind? and how many?  An infinitive that acts like an adjective will do the same thing.Ex: After breaking his leg, Dave had many obstacles to overcome.
Comma: a punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence. It is also used to separate items in a list and to mark the place of thousands in a large numeral.Ex: Hello, how are you today?
Ellipsis: the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues.Ex: “Today … we vetoed the bill”
Em Dash: a long dash used in punctuationEx: Please call my lawyer—Richard Smith—on Tuesday.