What are the three necessary elements of a rhetorical situation?

Which excerpt from the text is an example of fallacious reasoning? “perhaps i was lucky, too, that i had no money. we have grown to think that the misfortune is in not having it.” “and if your honor shall doom them to die it will be because they are the sons of the rich.” "the nurse, strict and jealous and watchful, gave him one kind of books—by night he would steal off and read the other." “and yet there are men who seriously say that for what nature has done, for what life has done, for what training has done, take the boys' lives.”