Read the following passage:

but does everyone on earth have an equal right to an equal share of its resources? the spaceship metaphor can be dangerous when used by misguided idealists to justify suicidal policies for sharing our resources through uncontrolled immigration and foreign aid. in their enthusiastic but unrealistic generosity, they confuse the ethics of a spaceship with those of a lifeboat.
by using words such as "dangerous," "suicidal," and "misguided," which type of reasoning is the author using?
a. ethos
b. logos
c. ad hominem
d. pathos