Irony is a between what is expected to happen and what actually happens?

From his studies of coptic, champollion knew that the egyptian word for "sun" was pronounced rah. he wrote down the first two letters of that sound, ra. next he put a question mark for the unknown middle hieroglyph. then, at the end, he wrote ss, the sound of the last two hieroglyphs. he studied the combination: ra ? ss. suddenly he remembered a famous pharaoh whose name appeared in ancient greek chronicles and also in the biblical book of exodus: rameses, or ramesses. could this be a hieroglyphic representation of ramesses' name? based on the excerpt, what detail did champollion need to conclude that the hieroglyphics might represent ramesses’s name?

How would you write "the fourth of july? " the 4th of july or the fourth of july? are they both grammatically correct?

Which sentence is punctuated correctly?  a.under a microscope; the organisms look a bit like ruffled tennis balls they have armored plates that fit together to make a round shape. b.when the water is disturbed; the organisms respond by glowing this makes swimmers look like floating beams of blue light. c.there is a bay in puerto rico that seems to light up at night; the light comes from tiny organisms in the water. d.the luminescence attracts visitors from around the world people are curious to see; this beautiful otherworldly sight.