Which element of fiction is shaped across the work and can be revealed implicitly when a text is read closely?
a. characterization
b. plot
c. setting
d. theme e) point of view

the sentence does not violate the phrase structure second rule (introduced by noam chomsky) because noun phrases consist of a determiner such as a, the or every, and a noun. in the sentence, the noun phrase the cake includes a determiner (the) and a noun (cake).

on the other hand, the first rule indicates that a sentence encloses a noun phrase, followed by a verb phrase. the example sentence can be analysed as follows:

john (n) + ate (v) + the (det) + cake (n).

i believe it is the first option, having taken lessons