If a speaker used uses the argument itself as support, rather than using evidence or reasons, what error is he or she making?

a. begging the question
b. straw man fallacy
c. ad hominem fallacy
d. ad hoc fallacy

Which statement best explains how the communist manifesto relates to old major’s speech? old major believes he is the only one who can lead the rebellion, just as marx believed he should be a leader. old major talks only to the pigs, showing that he supports class divisions, which also was a communist belief. old major urges the animals to listen to mr. jones, just as marx encouraged people to respect the upper classes. old major argues that the animals should unite to create a classless society and overthrow an oppressive system.