What phenomenon is responsible for hot spots a. mantle plumes b. pyroclastic flow c. ridge push subduction

The phenomenon is responsible for hot spots is Mantle Plumes.

Explanation:

Volcanic activity that is completely unrelated to the plate movements or boundaries and takes place within the tectonic plates is termed as hotspot volcanism. Mantle plumes are basically the lighter and warmer mass inside the mantle that comes up as a result of the process of convection.

It has a head like a bulb followed by a long tail. When the head reaches the lithosphere, it spreads out like a mushroom. During this process, the pressure drops down while the temperature stays constant resulting in decompression melting of the mantle, producing huge amounts of magma.

it is very hard for the climatologists to precisely predict how will the global temperatures be changing so there's lots of models, some of which differ significantly, this is due to multiple factors, and probably the most important is the human activity.

humans have been a key factor in climate change around the globe since the start of the industrial revolution, and in the past few decades the consequences are becoming more obvious. there's lots of emission of pollutants in the atmosphere as well as changing the environment on the surface itself, so it's really hard to predict how will that go in the future because there's some countries that are reducing the damage and are going towards green energy, while others are stubbornly continuing with pollution and damages to the environment.