Since a maritime air mass may have trouble rising over a mountain range, the coastal area will have a maritime climate but the inland area on the leeward side of the mountain range will have a warm dry climate. this is called the rainshadow effect polar cell prevailing winds gulf stream

Rainshadow effect -

Explanation:

Rainshadow effect -

it is phenomenon when air parcel passes over  ranges of mountain, it pass down the other side of mountain and get warms and dries out. The resultant dry air produces a rain shadow.  The area on the rain shadow are typically warm and obtain very less rainfall and very less  cloud cover. while on the other side i.e windward side of range of mountain receive heavy rainfall and cloud cover

d. stage 4

explanation:

the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development.[1] scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income,lower mortality, old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved.[2]