This layer consists of plant residue atop the soil surface. on a forest floor, it may be leaves and twigs. in a field, it may be crop residue left after harvest. a) this layer forms the base geologic material in a particular location; it is sometimes called bedrock. b) this layer loses minerals and organic matter to the layer beneath it. c) this layer accumulates minerals and organic matter leached from upper soil layers. d) this layer consists of organic matter, humus, and inorganic minerals. e) it facilitates plant rooting, has high nutrient content, and holds water.

D

Explanation:

The humus layer is found above the uppermost soil layer and consists mostly of organic matter that is in various stages of decomposition. The organic matter is mostly from plants but can also come from animals. In addition to the organic matter, there are also non-compacted inorganic minerals present. Underneath the humus layer, the topsoil begins and is the first official soil layer.  

the proximity of water was an advantage to western europe and its culture was able to flourish as a result. trade and travel by sea were easier and safer in historical times.

1. there are no mountains to protect it from the sea

2. and its has wet cool summers and wet, mild winters.