Which are the lines on a map that run in an east-west direction and measure distance north and south of the equator?

hemispheres

scales

latitude

longitude

Those lines are the "parallels of latitude".

answer; seasons change because earth tilts on its axis; and the angle of the tilt causes the northern and southern hemisphere to trade places throughout the year;

a mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. this uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary.a geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged.