Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?

a. selective cutting
b. clear-cutting
c. shelter-wood cutting
d. slash and burn clearing
e. gleaning

b. Clear-cutting

Explanation: Clear cutting is a cheap and effective way of harvesting trees or timbers, this methods helps the forest operators to get the best out of a forest at a very reduced cost.

Clear-cutting is bad because removing the whole tree from an area destroys outrightly the natural habitat of most widelife, and it will also lead to the destruction of the eco-system that relies on the forest.

the answer is:

c. islam and christianity

explanation:

islam and christianity are widely practiced in africa. islam is practiced due to its spread from the middle east into africa, and christianity is practiced due to the colonization of africa by the british empire.