When the earth is in the position shown above, the northern hemisphere experiences the beginning of because hemisphere is tilted the sun

The Northern Hemisphere experiences winter when it is tilted away from the Sun.

Explanation:

"This is because the hemisphere receives sunlight less directly in that position. While it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere." According to study island.

d. stage 4

explanation:

the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development.[1] scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income,lower mortality, old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved.[2]