The Ural Mountains in central Russia are a mountain range in the middle of a continent. How did this happen? a. Europe collided with Siberia 200-300 million years ago, forming a range in the center of the new continent as the landmasses joined.
b. Subduction along the eastern coast of Russia has created a volcanic range near the center of Eurasia.
c. A hot spot developed beneath central Russia 250 million years ago and subsequent volcanism created a mountain range.

Mantle convection is the process that drives plate tectonics. the theory of plate tectonics states that the crust is divided into plates that float on the semi molten mantle below. the circular motion of the magma as it slowly rises and falls or move though convection cells drags the plates along causing them to move. the heat source in the lamp would represent the earth's core. the core is the source of energy that drives convection in the mantle. the lava represents molten magma under the earth's surface. if the lava lamp had floating pieces they would move as the circular motion of the lava in the lamp as it rises and falls would move them along the surface. these floating pieces would represent pieces of the earth's crust. 

Geothermic gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing the depth in the earths interior. away from tech tonic plates boundaries, it is about 25-40 c/km (72-87 degrees f/mi) of depth near the surface in most of the world.

Answer// dinosaurs emerged during mesozoic era;