Can someone give me a hypothesis of Absorption and Radiation by Land and Water?​

In the figure, polygon abcd is transformed to create polygon a′b′c′d′. this transformation is a by a factor of .

When volcanoes erupt, magma (hot, molten rock) rises toward the surface of the earth. as magma cools, solid rock forms. this rock contains substances from the interior of the earth. which of the following natural resources is likely to be plentiful near subduction zones where volcanic activity has occurred in the past?

Where the main factor that enabled the growth of cities and civilizations was the existence of