What might have caused the catastrophic event above?

because the two particles have an equal charge, the charges will cancel out and give the atom an overall charge of 0. so, if at atom has 35 protons in the nucleus, we could expect it to have 35 electrons orbiting that nucleus.

it is very hard for the climatologists to precisely predict how will the global temperatures be changing so there's lots of models, some of which differ significantly, this is due to multiple factors, and probably the most important is the human activity.

humans have been a key factor in climate change around the globe since the start of the industrial revolution, and in the past few decades the consequences are becoming more obvious. there's lots of emission of pollutants in the atmosphere as well as changing the environment on the surface itself, so it's really hard to predict how will that go in the future because there's some countries that are reducing the damage and are going towards green energy, while others are stubbornly continuing with pollution and damages to the environment.