What country is located in the middle of the continent on the equator which is rich in natural recourses

What season is it in the southern hemisphere when it’s december? a) fall b) spring c) winter d) summer

What empire controlled most of the middle east except for a few years between 1516 and 1917, where was the capital of this empire located and what was the geographic extent of this empire?

Horizon a is also sometimes called a. topsoil b. subsoil c. bedrock d. weathered bedrock