Geodesists define the geoid as:. a. a mathematical shape that lies just below the lowest point on Earth. b. the gravitational surface upon which water would rest. c. the reference point for geodetic surveys. d. the coordinate system by which land parcels are subdivided.

What exactly do you mean 

Answer volcanic eruptionsseismic waves from earthquakes;

Separated the laws of islam from the laws of the nationreplaced the old muslim calender with the gregorian calender  abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on european law as opposed to the previous system based on the islamic law code granted women the right to vote and to hold public office launched government-funded programs to industrialize turkey and to spur the economic growth attempted to modernize turkey by banning the fez which was of greek origin marriage was considered civil and not religious and polygamy was abolished women were given the right to vote in all elections