What country is 60 degrees north latitude and 40 degrees east longitude?

The country located at 60ºN and 40ºE is Russia, specifically, the Vologda Oblast.

Explanation:

Russia is a federal republic covering much of Eastern Europe and all of North Asia. The country borders Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine, and via the Kaliningrad oblast on the Baltic coast to Lithuania and Poland, to the west, and Georgia, Azerbaijan, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea to the southwest. In the north Russia borders the Northern Arctic Ocean and in the south to China, North Korea, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. The country borders east to the Pacific Ocean and also has a sea border with Japan and the state of Alaska.

Russia is the world's largest nation by surface area and covers large parts of both Europe and Asia. The border between the continents goes via the Ural Mountains. Russia has a little less than 144 million inhabitants. About 12 million people live in the capital Moscow.  

they use tree rings to figure out weather patters.