What can you conclude from this, assuming that the geocentric model holds that the sun, moon, and planets like mars all orbit around earth in simple circles?

For starters this is untrue. It is the point of view the people had till few hundred years ago about the Solar System though. From there perspective the Earth was the center of the universe, and also the biggest body, so all the others were orbiting around it. So going by that assumption, for that to happen in practice, the Earth should be the biggest of all bodies in our Solar System, to have the most mass by far, thus having the strongest gravitational pull by far, so that the other bodies orbit around it, like the Moon does in practice.

Humid continental climate is found in the interior of continents between the 30 and 60 degrees latitude, but usually above the 40 degree line.   40 degrees north of the equator means less direct sunlight and therefore less warmth.   this climate is mainly found in the northern hemisphere since there are no major landmasses in the southern hemisphere.  if you live in northern indiana, you know all about humid continental because that is the climate type you have!