The organic matter in soil includes

Such organic matter in soil is often called humus and it contains mainly plant remains like rotten leaves, and other soft parts of plants and it is either naturally occurring like deposits of peat or man-made as in compost used to apply to gardens to enhance the fertility of the sediment-derived soil.

Separated the laws of islam from the laws of the nationreplaced the old muslim calender with the gregorian calender  abolished religious courts and created a new legal system based on european law as opposed to the previous system based on the islamic law code granted women the right to vote and to hold public office launched government-funded programs to industrialize turkey and to spur the economic growth attempted to modernize turkey by banning the fez which was of greek origin marriage was considered civil and not religious and polygamy was abolished women were given the right to vote in all elections