Which of the following is not required for research to qualify under the exception for informed consent?

Which can be an effective way to reduce stress? getting in the habit of doing things perfectly the first time engaging in a fun physical activity on a regular basis taking an antacid for a stress-based stomachache studying extra hard the night before a test

Effective teamwork and hyperactivity a good indications of positive

Which of these gives the best indication that a health service is based on pseudoscience?