Columbia university researcher elizabeth gershoff (2002) conducted a wide-ranging meta-analysis on parental use of corporal punishment. one finding that emerged was a relationship between parental socioeconomic status and use of corporal punishment. put simply, as socioeconomic status declines, rates of parents' use of corporal punishment rise. this finding represents a: a) positive correlation. b) cause-and-effect relationship. c) classic example of an expectancy effect. d) negative correlation.