Asmall family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. the children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?

You are assessing an 86-year-old postoperative patient who has an unexpressive, stoic demeanor. when you enter the room, the patient is curled into the fetal position and your assessment reveals that his vital signs are elevated and he is diaphoretic. you ask the patient what his pain level is on a 0-to-10 scale that you explained to the patient prior to surgery. the patient indicates a pain level of “three or so.” you review your pain-management orders and find that all medications are ordered prn. how would you treat this patient's pain?