Consider the reasoning expressed by the speaker in this passage: "we were having a severe midwinter cold spell. the city was running out of heating oil for private home use. so the city ordered everyone to set their home thermostats down to 65 degrees fahrenheit during the day and 62 at night. but i set my thermostat at 67 during the day and 64 at night. i reasoned this way. it is in my best interest to cheat just a little by keeping our house a bit warmer. in fact, it is in the best interest of each person who lives in the city to do the same thing. so it follows that it is in the city's best interest if everyone were to cheat just a little." we can reasonably evaluate the speaker's inference as
(a) valid because of affirming the antecedent
(b) valid because of disjunctive syllogism (c) a fallacy of false classification (d) a fallacy of false reference (e) a fallacy of composition

 (e) a fallacy of composition

Explanation:

The fallacy of composition is an error within logical thinking that results in a mistaken statement. It is presented when a person uses the characteristic of a single element (or an isolated set of them) to characterize the whole system. This can be seen in the question above, where a single individual believes that the whole city has the same opinion as him.

The fallacy of composition departs from generalization and disregards that although a phenomenon can be observed in one item, it does not mean that it remains when it spreads among all the others.

1. cold turkey (no outside ). about 90% of people who try to quit smoking do it without outside support -- no aids, therapy, or medicine. although most people try to quit this way, it's not the most successful method. only about 5% to 7% are able to quit on their own.

2. behavioral therapy. this involves working with a counselor to find ways not to smoke. together, you'll find your triggers (such as emotions or situations that make you want to smoke) and make a plan to get through the cravings.

3. nicotine replacement therapy. there are several types, including nicotine gum, patches, inhalers, sprays, and lozenges. they work by giving you nicotine without the use of tobacco. you may be more likely to quit with nicotine replacement therapy, but it works best when you use it with behavioral therapy and lots of support from friends and family. and remember that the goal is to end your addiction to nicotine, not simply to quit using tobacco.

explanation:

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