After teaching a group of students about the types of urinary incontinence and possible causes, the instructor determines that the student have understood the material when they identify which of the following as a cause of stress incontinence?
a. obstruction due to fecal impaction or enlarged prostate
b. bladder irritation related to urinary tract infections
c. increased urine production due to metabolic conditions
d. decreased pelvic muscle tone due to multiple pregnancies