In case-control studies, the odds ratio is used as an estimate of the relative risk. in order for this approximation to be reasonable, some conditions must be met. which of the following conditions is not necessary in order to use the odds ratio to estimate the relative risk? a. cases are representative of all cases. b. with respect to exposure, controls are representative of the population to which you want to generalize your results. c. the exposure in question is rare in the population. d. the event (disease) under study is rare in the population.

Samuel is a 63-year-old single man who works full time in a food processing plant. he has a history of esophageal cancer, which was treated successfully with anti-cancer drugs and surgery four years ago. his weight had been stable at 135 pounds until 6 months ago. since then, he has experienced an involuntary weight loss of 10 pounds. he complains of a poor appetite and being overly weak, tired, and irritable. he also complains of cracks at the corners of his mouth and a chronic sore throat, which concerns him, given his cancer history. his usual diet is fairly consistent. he states that he rarely eats breakfast because he starts work at 6 a.m. he eats two deli meat sandwiches, "usually pastrami or salami," and a soda at 10 a.m., and may eat a candy bar in the afternoon when he gets off work. he often prepares and eats a frozen dinner or pizza at home in the evening and routinely drinks "about four or five beers" before going to bed. occasionally, he cooks roast and mashed potatoes for dinner and may have cereal with milk for a snack before bed. he rarely eats vegetables or fruit. 1. considering samuel's alcohol consumption, which b vitamin may he be deficient in? a. pantothenic acid b. niacin c. riboflavin d. biotin e. thiamin

Signs of a sprain might include: a deformed appearance immobility a grinding sensation swelling

Which statement is false? a. an extinction burst is the complete cessation of the target behavior after the extinction procedure has started. b. extinction procedures should not be used with behaviors that cause serious injury to the subject. c. if the behavior analyst does not have the ability to control the subject's access to reinforcement, an extinction procedure should not be implemented. d. spontaneous recovery of the target behavior will be short-lived, as long as the extinction procedure remains in effect