The ethical theory in which the ‘rightness’ or ‘wrongness’ of an act is determined solely by its consequences is called:
a. conviction.
b. justice-based ethics
c. virtue-based ethics
d. utilitarianism

Which of the following best reflects what we know about how the flu virus moves between species? a) the flu virus in a pig is mutated and replicated in alternate arrangements so that humans who eat the pig products can be infected.b) a flu virus from a human epidemic or pandemic infects birds; the birds replicate the virus differently and then pass it back to humans.c) an influenza virus gains new sequences of dna from another virus, such as a herpesvirus; this enables it to be transmitted to a human host.d) an animal such as a pig is infected with more than one virus, genetic recombination occurs, the new virus mutates, the virus is passed to a new species such as a bird, and the virus mutates again and can now be transmitted to humans.